Update concrete design guidelines

book/design/concrete/bridge_beams.ipynb

@@ -10,7 +10,74 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "source": []
+   "source": [
+    "Different fabricators offer prefabricated bridge beams. The beams are available in different shapes: box beams, I-sections and inverted\n",
+    "T-sections. This section gives an overview of some possibilities.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Bridge_Beams1.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Bridge_Beams2.jpg```     \n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "www.haitsma.nl\n",
+    "www.spanbeton.nl\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Translated from Cement 2002 nr. 6\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Applications\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Viaduct.jpg```      \n",
+    "\n",
+    "The curved viaduct of the tram line crossing the N201 is made from prefab beams with a compressive slab and a bridge deck. The viaduct\n",
+    "is supported by pilars on foundation blocks with center to center distances of 20 meters. The foundation blocks are founded on prefab or Fundexpiles.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The pilars are cast in one piece with self compacting concrete because:\n",
+    "• High concentrations of reinforcement occured.\n",
+    "• Not all locations could be reached with compaction devices.\n",
+    "• High erection speed was necessary\n",
+    "• There was a large chance of the arisal of rockpockets which, even after repair, always have lower strength and druability.\n",
+    "• Construction joints were not desirable from an aestethical point of view\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Near the bus stop the bridge deck is built from ZIP-beams with a compressive layer of 250 mm and an additional deck layer of 200 mm. The decklayer does not contribute to the bearing capacity of the bridge. In the future it has to be possible to mill slots in the deck layer to place tramrails. The deck layer is connected to the compressive layer by means\n",
+    "of hairpins. Also transverse and longitudinal reinforcement is applied, adjusted to the future tramrails.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "Near the platforms the pillars are equipped with concrete consoles on which two boxbeams are placed to\n",
+    "carry the platforms. The box beams are designed in such a way that in the event of bus loading on the platforms\n",
+    "the structure will not be damaged. The box beams with a length of 20 m are placed on elastomeric bearings\n",
+    "on the consoles. In the design only the platforms were detailed, while the bridge deck was only specified once\n",
+    "every four spans, about 80 m. The bridge deck was specified minimally.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "During the execution phase the design was re-evaluated and the details where further developed. This was now possible due to the extra\n",
+    "information which had come available. Eventually a circular cross section has been developed, consisting of existing elements. This cross section could\n",
+    "not be applied without integrating the bridge deck and platforms, while the pilars where already being casted. An additional structural check was\n",
+    "necessary to, if necessary, adjust the design.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Bridge_Application1.jpg```\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Bridge_Application2.jpg```\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Bridge_Application3.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Bridge beams I\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Railbeam structures\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Railbeam_Structures.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Box beam structures\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Boxbeam_Structures.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Solid composite structures\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Solid_Composite_Structures.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Bridge beams II\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### HKPW profile\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HKPW_BridgeBeam.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### HPRP profile\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HPRP_BridgeBeam.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### HKO profile\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HKO_BridgeBeam.jpg```\n"
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {

book/design/concrete/bubbledeck_floors.ipynb

@@ -10,7 +10,126 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "source": []
+   "source": [
+    "A flat reinforced concrete floor without beams or square drop panels. An\n",
+    "element exists of a prefabricated reinforcement cage consisting\n",
+    "of top and bottom reinforcement connected by trusses. Between the\n",
+    "two reinforcement layers, polymer balls made out of recycled HDPE\n",
+    "placed. The balls will not adhere to the hardened concrete, making recycling possible. Mostly a thin concrete shell\n",
+    "is provided at the bottom so that the floor can be casted in situ with\n",
+    "C30/37. In comparison with a massive floor the weight savings are about\n",
+    "35%. Including the weight savings of supporting elements, such as walls,\n",
+    "beams, columns and foundation the total weight savind for the whole\n",
+    "building can be up to 50%. The plate transfers force in two\n",
+    "directions which makes rather slender structures possible. Near columns,\n",
+    "walls and voids a lot or reinforcement is necessary. The thickness of\n",
+    "bubbledeck floors varies from 230 to 450 mm with a maximum span of 14\n",
+    "meters.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "wwww.bubbledeck.nl | Thanks to Bubbledeck Nederland B.V.\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Execution aspects\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Adjusting temporary support: support reinforcement cages according to\n",
+    "fabricator specifications; supports must be perpendicular to the trusses\n",
+    "at a maximum c.t.c. distance of 1,8 m.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "Placing of the elements: reinforcement cages are lifted at the trusses and\n",
+    "placed alongside each other; across a joint of 80 mm is left open. Near\n",
+    "columns about 50 mm, depending on the detailing. \n",
+    "\n",
+    "The extra reinforcement is now placed: coupler bars, coupler nets,\n",
+    "hairpints and reinforcement to prevent punching, all according to the\n",
+    "engineer’s specifications. \n",
+    "\n",
+    "The edge formwork is placed: depending on the detailing.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "The concrete is poured in C30/37; other properties of the concrete are decided in consultation with the concrete producer. \n",
+    "\n",
+    "Temporary supports are removed."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Specifications Bubbledeck floors\n",
+    "\n",
+    "With a bubbledeckfloor flat plate, floors without beams can be constructed. The self weight, dead load and variable load is transmitted in two directions to the supporting walls\n",
+    "and/or columns. The reinforcement modules are available in FeB 500. The polymer spheres are made of HDPE (high density polyethylene).\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Type | Floor Thickness [mm] | Sphere Diameter [mm] | C.T.C. Distance [mm] |\n",
+    "|------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|\n",
+    "| BD   | 230                   | ∅180                  | 200                   |\n",
+    "| BD   | 280                   | ∅225                  | 250                   |\n",
+    "| BD   | 340                   | ∅270                  | 300                   |\n",
+    "| BD   | 390                   | ∅315                  | 350                   |\n",
+    "| BD   | 450                   | ∅360                  | 400                   |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Prefab elements\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Floor strucutre in which hollow spherical elements are placed. Parts of the structure are prefabricated. The possibilities are shown below:\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Bubbledeck4.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "Reinforcement modules where the spheres are clamped between the two reinforcement layers.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Bubbledeck5.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "Aformentioned reinforcement modules with an additional concrete plate at the bottom side.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Bubbledeck6.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "Fully or partially casted floor elements.\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Spans\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Type | Floor Thickness [mm] | Sphere Diameter [mm] | C.T.C. Distance [mm] | Mass (full sphere pattern) [kg/m2] element Width 3.000 [mm] | Mass (full sphere pattern) [kg/m2] element Width 2.400 [mm] | Span [m] |\n",
+    "|------|-----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|---------|\n",
+    "| BD   | 230                   | ∅180                  | 200                   | 380                                                           | 390                                                           | 6 - 7   |\n",
+    "| BD   | 280                   | ∅225                  | 250                   | 450                                                           | 490                                                           | 7 - 8   |\n",
+    "| BD   | 340                   | ∅270                  | 300                   | 550                                                           | 580                                                           | 8 - 9   |\n",
+    "| BD   | 390                   | ∅315                  | 350                   | 650                                                           | 660                                                           | 10 - 11 |\n",
+    "| BD   | 450                   | ∅360                  | 400                   | 740                                                           | 720                                                           | 12 - 14 |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The span is indicated for variable loads of $2.5 kN/m^2$ to $ 4,0 kN/m^2$"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Details"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Cross section of a bubble deck floor\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/DetailBubbledeck1.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Support of bubbledeck floor on concrete wall\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/DetailBubbledeck2.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Support of bubble deck floor with cavity wall for residential construction\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/DetailBubbledeck3.jpg```    "
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {

book/design/concrete/composite_floors.ipynb

@@ -10,7 +10,128 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "source": []
+   "source": [
+    "Corrugated sheet metal sheets are very suitable to act as formwork for cast in situ concrete floors. The sheets are light, are easily applied and can\n",
+    "immediatly act as a working floor. The trapezoidal shape causes weight saving in comparison with a massive concrete floor.\n",
+    "Strengths of composite floors are the flexibility, construction speed, low mass, adaptability and high amoun of thermal mass with respect to the\n",
+    "actual mass. The low self weight of the composite floor construction, $210 - 340 kg/m^2$, causes the air and sound insulation to be lower than with prefab\n",
+    "concrete elements. This problem can be solved with a suspended ceiling and/or a double floor. With these solutions the same\n",
+    "results can be achieved as with a massive floor of 800 kg/m2. The composite floors do not have a flat surface, but this does not have to be\n",
+    "a problem if the correct connections are used. Floors with voids or curved façades can easily be built. The construction speed does not depend\n",
+    "on the formwork system or hardening time. The laid out sheets act as working floor, formwork and a roof for the crews installing the building\n",
+    "finishes.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "www.dutchengineering.nl\n",
+    "The information on composite floors was written in cooperation with Hody B.V.\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeFloors1.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeFloors2.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Applications\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeApplication1.jpg```   \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeApplication2.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeApplication3.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeApplication4.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeApplication5.jpg```  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Execution aspects\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Corrugated, galvanized steel sheets with a thickness of 0,7 to 1,2 mm act as lost formwork and reinforcement for the composite floor. In principle the steel plates act as\n",
+    "the main reinforcement. The extra reinforcement shown in the pictures prevents excessive cracking and has a beneficial effect of the behaviour of the flour under fire conditions. As\n",
+    "a rule of thumb the thickness of the floor can be estimated as 1/30 of the span. Depending on the thickness of the floor, free spans up to 3,25 m are\n",
+    "possible. If temporary supports are used the spans can increase up to 9,60 m. Whether the concrete floor is connected with shear connectors\n",
+    "(studs) to the steel support beams or not determines the force distribution. If the shear studs are applied, the steel beam acts as tensile chord\n",
+    "and the concrete will take up all the compression. A composite beam is formed. If no shear studs are applied, the beam and floor act separately. If\n",
+    "the shear studs are highly loaded it is recommended to weld them directly to the beam, instead of welding them to the beam through the steel plates.\n",
+    "Composite floors can also be applied in combination with integrated beams, where the corrugated sheet is placed on the widened bottom flange of a\n",
+    "profile. Voids in the floor are provided with formwork to contain the wet concrete.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Product specifications HODY SB60 floor\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeFloors1.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/CompositeFloors2.jpg```  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Plate Reinforcement       |                                                               |\n",
+    "|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|\n",
+    "| Plate thickness  (including zinc)             | 0.75 mm / 0.88 mm / 1.00 mm                                  |\n",
+    "| Nets                      | FeB 500 HKN                               |\n",
+    "| Additional bars           | FeB 500 HKN / HWL                                             |\n",
+    "| Profile height            | 60 mm                                                         |\n",
+    "| Concrete Total width      | 1086 mm                                                       |\n",
+    "| Effective width           | 1010 mm                                                       |\n",
+    "| Length                    | Any length possible                                           |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Material properties       |                                                               |\n",
+    "|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|\n",
+    "| Characteristic yield stress | Minimal 320 N/mm²                                           |\n",
+    "| Ultimate strain           | Minimal 17%                                                   |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Based on: C28/35. Other strength classes can be applied except for lightweight concrete.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Spans\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Offices and lodging\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Span (mm) | Number of Props | Thickness (mm) | Type of Top Reinforcement (for Continuous Floors)          |\n",
+    "|-----------|------------------|----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|\n",
+    "| 1.500     | 0                | 110            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                                  |\n",
+    "| 2.000     | 0                | 110            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                                  |\n",
+    "| 2.500     | 1                | 110            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                                  |\n",
+    "| 3.000     | 1                | 130            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                                  |\n",
+    "| 3.500     | 2                | 150            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                                  |\n",
+    "| 4.000     | 2                | 170            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                                  |\n",
+    "| 4.500     | 2                | 200            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150                                  |\n",
+    "| 5.000     | 3                | 210            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150 + 8 - 300                        |\n",
+    "| 5.500     | 3                | 220            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150 + 8 - 300                        |\n",
+    "| 6.000     | 4                | 230            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150 + 8 - 300                        |\n",
+    "| 6.500     | 5                | 290            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150 + 8 - 150                        |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "Span table HODY SB60 floor OFFICES and LODGING\n",
+    "SHEET THICKNESS 0,75 mm\n",
+    "- strength class C20/25\n",
+    "- topping max. 50 mm\n",
+    "- no voids / ducts through the floor.\n",
+    "- variable load 2,5 kN/m2\n",
+    "- light walls 0,5 kN/m2\n",
+    "- fire resistance: 30 minutes\n",
+    "- minimal bearing length of steel plate: 50 mm on steel or concrete and 75 mm on other materials\n",
+    "- minimal bearing length for casting is an extra 25 mm.\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Residential\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Span [mm] | Number of Props | Thickness [mm] | Type of Top Reinforcement (for Continuous Floors) |\n",
+    "|-----------|------------------|----------------|----------------------------------------------------|\n",
+    "| 1.500     | 0                | 110            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                          |\n",
+    "| 2.000     | 0                | 110            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                          |\n",
+    "| 2.500     | 1                | 110            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                          |\n",
+    "| 3.000     | 1                | 130            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                          |\n",
+    "| 3.500     | 2                | 150            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                          |\n",
+    "| 4.000     | 2                | 170            | Reinforcement Net: 7-150                          |\n",
+    "| 4.500     | 2                | 200            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150                          |\n",
+    "| 5.000     | 3                | 210            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150 + 8 - 300                |\n",
+    "| 5.500     | 3                | 220            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150 + 8 - 300                |\n",
+    "| 6.000     | 4                | 230            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150 + 8 - 300                |\n",
+    "| 6.500     | 5                | 290            | Reinforcement Net: 8-150 + 8 - 150                |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "Span table HODY SB60 floor RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS\n",
+    "SHEET THICKNESS 0,75 mm\n",
+    "- strength class C20/25\n",
+    "- topping max. 50 mm\n",
+    "- no voids / ducts through the floor\n",
+    "- variable load 1,8 kN/m2\n",
+    "- fire resistance 30 minutes\n",
+    "- minimal bearing length of steel plate: 50 mm on steel or concrete and 75 mm on other materials\n",
+    "- minimal bearing length for casting is an extra 25 mm.\n",
+    "```\n"
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {

book/design/concrete/hollow_core_slabs.ipynb

@@ -10,7 +10,192 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "source": []
+   "source": [
+    "Hollow core slabs are prefabricated floor elements. The hollow plates are prestressed and arrive on site fully\n",
+    "prefabricated. The hollow cores save a considerable amount of weight compared to the massive slab floor.\n",
+    "The savings can be as much as 50%. This means that also the main bearing structure and foundation can be made\n",
+    "considerably lighter.   \n",
+    "\n",
+    "The floor concept is based on the following principles:\n",
+    "- No voids.\n",
+    "- No concentrated loads.\n",
+    "- Free supports (no clamped supports)\n",
+    "- Standard fire resistance\n",
+    "- Deflection under variable load of max. 0,003 L\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCore1.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCore2.jpg```  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "www.vbi.nl\n",
+    "www.dycore.nl\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note} Sources\n",
+    "Handbook VBI floors\n",
+    "Product information VBI\n",
+    "Product information Dycore\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Aplications\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In contrast to what one may expect hollow core slabs also offer opportunities for free formed floor plans. The use of hollow core slabs is not restricted to the rectangular floor\n",
+    "plans used in offices and flats. Both round shaps as chamfered egdes are possible. It is important to realize that the plates can be cut under an angle.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreApplication1.jpg```    \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreApplication2.jpg```   \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreApplication3.jpg```   \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreApplication4.jpg```   \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreApplication5.jpg```   \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreApplication6.jpg```   \n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Execution aspects\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Small voids can be directly applied in prefabrication. The floor slabs can also be ordered with cast in light sockets and electricity ducts. When using hollow core slabs it must\n",
+    "be noted that the prestress causes a precamber of the unloaded plate. This is mainly an issue with larger spans. \n",
+    "  \n",
+    "Rules of thumb for this precamber are:\n",
+    "- 1/1000 L with light prestress\n",
+    "- 3/1000 L with heavy prestress\n",
+    "  \n",
+    "Depending on the stiffness of the floor slab, the bearing and the levelness of the bearing the slabs can be supported in different ways:\n",
+    "- directly on the underlying structure\n",
+    "- in mortar\n",
+    "- on fabric\n",
+    "- on elastomeric strips\n",
+    "  \n",
+    "For variable loads to 3 kN/m2 and spans up to 6,5 m all support variants are possible. In other cases the elastomeric strips are recommended.\n",
+    "The common bearing length is 100 mm in residential buildings, and 150 mm in non residential buildings.\n",
+    "  \n",
+    "To activate diaphragm action of the floors there are several option. In order of increasing load:\n",
+    "- Mortar filled joints with added reinforcement.\n",
+    "- Coupling of the plates to each other and the structure by means of extra reinforcement.\n",
+    "- Application of a structural topping with a tensile tie coupled to the structure.\n",
+    "- A combination of the aformentioned provisions with a cast-in peripheral beam which contains the tensile tie.\n",
+    "  \n",
+    "The horizontal loads from the floor are transmitted by concrete ‘studs’ to the stabilizing elements of the building.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/ExecutionAspects1.jpg```   \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/ExecutionAspects2.jpg``` \n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Product specifications VBI isolation slabfloor A200\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Property                      | Value                         |\n",
+    "|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|\n",
+    "| Weight including joint mortar | 303 kg/m²                     |\n",
+    "| Fire resistance               | 60 - 90 minutes               |\n",
+    "| Maximum slab length           |                               |\n",
+    "| - non-residential buildings   | 10.00 m                       |\n",
+    "| - floor residential buildings | 7.60 m                        |\n",
+    "| - roof residential buildings  | 9.00 m                        |\n",
+    "| Filler slabs width            |                               |\n",
+    "| - residential                 | 300 + n x 100 mm (AL200)      |\n",
+    "| - non-residential             | 300 + n x 150 mm              |\n",
+    "| Joint mortar                  | 7.3 l/m                       |\n",
+    "| Strength class                | C45/55                        |\n",
+    "| Cross section                 | 144623 mm²                    |\n",
+    "| Center of gravity             | 99.3 mm                       |\n",
+    "| Moment of inertia             | 680.0 E+06 mm⁴               |\n",
+    "| Use of recycled concrete granule | 20% on request             |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/VBI1.jpg```   \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/VBI2.jpg```   \n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Spans\n",
+    " \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreSpans.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Connections (All types of hollow core slabs)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The bearing length ‘a’ should, when a SBR centering strip is used, fulfill the following conditions:\n",
+    "$a = 40 + 0,004 L (floors)$\n",
+    "$a = 30 + 0,004 L (roofs)$\n",
+    "$L = span in mm.$\n",
+    "$a = a_r + a_o$\n",
+    "$a_o = see figure$\n",
+    "$a_r = distance from edge of supporting member to edge of bearing, for a_r, a value no larger than 25 mm can be used. Preferably it is exactly 25 mm.$\n",
+    "\n",
+    "SBR centering strips centering strips have different functions, depending on their application:\n",
+    "- centering the load;\n",
+    "- prevent the slabs from shifting;\n",
+    "- preventing or limit clamping moments.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Centering strips are used in different situations:\n",
+    "- when the floor is clamped;\n",
+    "- for bearings on concrete and masonry;\n",
+    "- for bearings on a steel substructure where the load needs to be centered.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreConnections.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Product specifications VBI isolation slabfloor A320\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Property                      | Value                           |\n",
+    "|-------------------------------|---------------------------------|\n",
+    "| Weight including joint mortar | 443 kg/m²                       |\n",
+    "| Fire resistance               | 90 - 120 minutes               |\n",
+    "| Maximum slab length           | 14.70 m                         |\n",
+    "| Filler slabs width            | 300 + n x 150 mm                |\n",
+    "| Joint mortar                  | 11.9 l/m                        |\n",
+    "| Strength class                | C45/55                          |\n",
+    "| Cross section                 | 209918 mm²                      |\n",
+    "| Center of gravity             | 153.8 mm                        |\n",
+    "| Moment of inertia             | 2568.1 E+06 mm⁴                |\n",
+    "| Top surface                   | Normal or rough                 |\n",
+    "| Use of recycled concrete granule | 20% on request               |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/VBI3.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/VBI4.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Spans\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreSpans2.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Connections (All types of hollow core slabs)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreConnections2.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Support on cavity wall\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreConnections3.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For walls separating two houses the hollow cores near voids are filled with mortar, mineral wool of polymer foam.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/HollowCoreConnections4.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Bearing on console\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Product specifications Dycore hollow core slabs\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Property          | Value               |\n",
+    "|-------------------|---------------------|\n",
+    "| Fire resistance   | 60 - 90 minutes    |\n",
+    "| Density           | 2400 kg/m³         |\n",
+    "| Prestressing Steel| FeP 1860           |  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Type | Height [mm] | Weight [kN/m²] | Joints [l/m] | Cross Section [mm²] | Filler slabs min. Width [mm] | Max. Length [m] |\n",
+    "|------|-------------|-----------------|--------------|----------------------|------------------|------------------|\n",
+    "| W    | 150         | 2.4             | 4.4          | 0.11                 | 297              | 6                | 5.0              |\n",
+    "| N    | 200         | 2.7             | 5.7          | 0.13                 | 643              | 9                | 7.2              |\n",
+    "| U    | 200         | 3.1             | 5.7          | 0.15                 | 666              | 9                | 7.2              |\n",
+    "| T    | 255         | 3.7             | 7.2          | 0.17                 | 1364             | 12               | 9.3              |\n",
+    "| H    | 320         | 4.3             | 8.7          | 0.20                 | 2517             | 15               | 11.5             |\n",
+    "| K    | 400         | 5.0             | 10.9         | 0.23                 | 4625             | 18               | 14.4             |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/ProductSpecificationsDycore.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Spans\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Dycorespans.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "The graph indicates the maximum distributed load (excluding self weight) for different spans for slabs on two supports\n",
+    "```\n",
+    " \n",
+    "### Connections (All types of hollow core slabs)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Integrated_Beams.jpg```"
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {

book/design/concrete/precast_concrete_planks.ipynb

@@ -10,7 +10,48 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "source": []
+   "source": [
+    "Precast concrete planks are prefabricated formwork elements. On top of the precast elements in situ\n",
+    "concrete is casted. The floors are suitable as floors is residential and non residential buildings. The precast\n",
+    "slabs have a thickness of 50 to 90 mm and a maximum length of 8500 mm. The protruding reinforcement trusses\n",
+    "are calculated per project because the size depends on the load and span. The main reinforcement and trusses\n",
+    "are placed parallel to the main span direction. Ducts can be casted in. In the structural topping additional\n",
+    "bottom and top reinforcement can be placed. The topping is of strength class C20/25 or higher. Voids can\n",
+    "be added in the fabrication process, and ground floors can be isolated at the bottom side of the slab. Propping\n",
+    "needs to be done according to the fabricators instructions. Eventually the precast planks and topping act as one\n",
+    "slab which has a reasonable degree of flexibility.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "www.dycore.nl\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note} Sources\n",
+    "Product information: Dycore precast concrete planks. The information on precast planks was written in cooperation with Dycore.\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/PrecastConcrete_Planks.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/PrecastConcrete_Planks2.jpg```  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Product specifications Dycore precast concrete planks\n",
+    "\n",
+    "| Property                     | Value                                          |\n",
+    "|------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|\n",
+    "| Element Length               | 0.25 - 10 m                                    |\n",
+    "| Standard Width               | 2697 / 2997 mm (Effective Width: 2700 / 3000 mm) |\n",
+    "| Width Filler Slabs           | 250 - 2920 mm                                  |\n",
+    "| Prestressing Steel           | FeP 1860 conform NEN 3868                      |\n",
+    "| Thickness / Mass             |                                                |\n",
+    "|                       | - 50 mm / 1.2 kN/m²                                      |\n",
+    "|                       | - 60 mm / 1.44 kN/m²                                     |\n",
+    "|                       | - 70 mm / 1.68 kN/m²                                     |\n",
+    "|                       | - 80 mm / 1.92 kN/m²                                     |\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Dycore_Precast.jpg``` \n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Connections\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Dycore_Precast2.jpg``` "
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {

book/design/concrete/prefab_prestressed_beams.ipynb

@@ -10,7 +10,48 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "source": []
+   "source": [
+    "```{figure} Images/Prefab_Prestressed.jpg``` \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Prefab_Prestressed2.jpg``` \n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "www.haitsma.nl\n",
+    "Product information Haitsma\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Product specification Haitsma prestressed beams HRI/HDI (I-shaped)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "These tables indicate possible prestressed beams available on the market.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Haitsma_Prestressed.jpg``` \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Haitsma_Prestressed2.jpg``` \n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Spans\n",
+    "\n",
+    "For I-shaped beams type HRI / HDI\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Haitsma_Spans.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "These graphs are based on C55/65\n",
+    "```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "## Product specifications Haitsma prestressed beams HRH (rectangular)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "These tables indicate possible prestressed beams available on the market.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Haitsma_Prestressed_Rectangular.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Haitsma_Prestressed_Rectangular2.jpg```     \n",
+    "\n",
+    "### Spans\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Haitsma_Prestressed_Rectangular_Spans.jpg```  \n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Haitsma_Prestressed_Rectangular_Spans2.jpg```     \n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "These graphs are based on C55/65\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {

book/design/concrete/reinforcement_tables.ipynb

@@ -10,7 +10,56 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "source": []
+   "source": [
+    "## Bending and normal force\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Brick 1.png```    \n",
+    "## Reinforcement table for bending moments\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Reinforcement_Table1.jpg```\n",
+    "\n",
+    "- Strength Class: Represents the range from C20/25 to C45/55.  \n",
+    "- Reinforcement Steel: Indicates the reinforcement steel type.  \n",
+    "- Quantity: The quantity specified, which in this case is 500.  \n",
+    "- Thickness: The thickness mentioned, which here is 0,10.  \n",
+    "- a/h: This seems to represent a certain characteristic of the reinforcement steel, presumably 'a' and 'h' values.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "a = distance from center of reinforcement to edge of concrete.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Reinforcement_Table2.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "- Strength Class: Represents C55/67.  \n",
+    "- Reinforcement Steel: Indicates the reinforcement steel type.  \n",
+    "- Quantity: The quantity specified, which in this case is 500.  \n",
+    "- Thickness: The thickness mentioned, which here is 0,10.  \n",
+    "- a/h: This seems to represent a certain characteristic of the reinforcement steel, presumably 'a' and 'h' values.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "a = distance from center of reinforcement to edge of concrete.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Reinforcement_Table3.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "- Strength Class: Represents C20/25 till C45/55.  \n",
+    "- Reinforcement Steel: Indicates the reinforcement steel type.  \n",
+    "- Quantity: The quantity specified, which in this case is 500.  \n",
+    "- Thickness: The thickness mentioned, which here is 0,15.  \n",
+    "- a/h: This seems to represent a certain characteristic of the reinforcement steel, presumably 'a' and 'h' values.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "a = distance from center of reinforcement to edge of concrete.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Reinforcement_Table4.jpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "- Strength Class: Represents C20/25 till C45/55.  \n",
+    "- Reinforcement Steel: Indicates the reinforcement steel type.  \n",
+    "- Quantity: The quantity specified, which in this case is 500.  \n",
+    "- Thickness: The thickness mentioned, which here is 0,10.  \n",
+    "- a/h: This seems to represent a certain characteristic of the reinforcement steel, presumably 'a' and 'h' values.  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "a = distance from center of reinforcement to edge of concrete.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{figure} Images/Reinforcement_BendingMomentjpg```    \n",
+    "\n",
+    "```{note}\n",
+    "Slabs need to be dimensioned for shear and deflection first. Then the reinforcement ratio can be determined.\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {

book/design/concrete/spans_in_concrete.ipynb

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {},
-   "source": []
+   "source": [
+    "```{figure} Images/Spans_Concrete.jpg```    "
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {