diff --git a/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Emergency overflow 2.jpg b/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Emergency overflow 2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18c69b8 Binary files /dev/null and b/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Emergency overflow 2.jpg differ diff --git a/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Emergency overflow.jpg b/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Emergency overflow.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b51638 Binary files /dev/null and b/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Emergency overflow.jpg differ diff --git a/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Snow loading.jpg b/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Snow loading.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7744f33 Binary files /dev/null and b/book/design_workflow/general_loads/Images/Snow loading.jpg differ diff --git a/book/design_workflow/general_loads/variable_loads_3_rain_snow.ipynb b/book/design_workflow/general_loads/variable_loads_3_rain_snow.ipynb index 1081cf9..21f8a7f 100644 --- a/book/design_workflow/general_loads/variable_loads_3_rain_snow.ipynb +++ b/book/design_workflow/general_loads/variable_loads_3_rain_snow.ipynb @@ -4,9 +4,66 @@ "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ - "# Variable loads 3: rain and snow\n", + "# Variable loads 3: rain and snow" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Loading by rainwater\n", + "Loads by rainwater are the result of accumulating water due to for example\n", + "hogging of adjacent roof parts or clogging of the drainage systems.\n", + "The most practical way of dealing with these actions is converting the snow\n", + "load to a layer of water (e.g.: 0,56 kN/ m2 equals 56 mm water on the roof)\n", + "and preventing the water from rising above this amount by designing for\n", + "emergency overflow. Furthermore, always design a roof with a small pitch (general loads, general)\n", "\n", - "\n" + "```{figure} Images/Emergency overflow.jpg\n", + "---\n", + "scale: 100%\n", + "---\n", + "Emergency overflow by means of a so called \"mailbox\"\n", + "```\n", + "\n", + "```{figure} Images/Emergency overflow 2.jpg\n", + "---\n", + "scale: 100%\n", + "---\n", + "```" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Snow loads\n", + "Snow can cause considerable loads, as it doesn’t run off like rain. It is therefore important to check whether a load combination containing snow\n", + "loads is leading. For different parts of Europe the value of the snow load can differ greatly (e.g.: compare the Mediterranean Coast to the Alps). In\n", + "the Dutch National Annex of NEN-EN 1991-1-3 the complex calculations are substituted by one value for the whole country (sk = 0,7 kN/m2). For other areas NEN-EN 1991-1-3 must be consulted." + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Determining the snow loading\n", + "\n", + "$s = μ_i · C_e · C_t · s_k$\n", + " \n", + "$s$ = Characteristic value of the snow load on the ground [$kN/m^2$] ($0,7 kN/m^2$ in\n", + "the Netherlands) \n", + "$μ_i$ = Shape coefficient, dependend on roof angle α \n", + "$C_e$ = Exposure coefficient (1,0 for most cases) \n", + "$C_t$ = Thermal coefficient (1,0 for most cases) \n", + " \n", + "The shape coefficient can be determined with the shown diagram. Note that μ2 is only applicable where snow accumulation can occur. For complex roof shapes and more information, see NEN-EN 1991-1-3.\n", + "\n", + "```{figure} Images/Snow loading.jpg\n", + "---\n", + "scale: 100%\n", + "---\n", + "```" ] }, {