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"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
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"# General materials"
"# General materials\n",
"\n",
"This chapter offers infomation on the different structural materials. The materials are compared on a few characteristic aspects. More detailed information can be found in the chapters.\n",
"\n",
"## Material and construction types\n",
"\n",
"### Construction types and spans\n",
"\n",
"```{figure} Images/construction_types_spans.png\n",
"---\n",
"scale: 100%\n",
"align: right\n",
"---\n",
"Construction types and spans\n",
"```\n",
"\n",
"## Material properties\n",
"\n",
"| Property | Timber | Steel | Concrete (in situ) | Concrete (prestressed and/or precast) |\n",
"|--------------------|---------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|\n",
"| Self Weight | Small (4 to 10 kN/m³, depending on the species) | Large (78.5 kN/m³) but relatively low self weight, large spans are possible (optimized cross sections); steel use per m² roof area: 0.3 to 1 kN | Large (24 kN/m³), this has consequences for the foundation and maximum span; not economical with low variable load | Large (24 kN/m³), this has consequences for the foundation dimensions; fairly large, but favorable with respect to buckling and deformation limits |\n",
"| Fire Resistance | Small dimensions have low fire resistance; Larger sections have good fire resistance | The structure has low fire resistance, but does not burn itself | Good resistance if the cover is sufficient | Less resistance than in situ concrete due to deterioration of the prestressing steel. Does not collapse easily, but is not reliable after a fire |\n",
"| Water Tightness | Dependent on the application | Not applicable | Good | Good |\n",
"| Thermal Properties | Not susceptible to thermal influences | Sensitive to temperature changes; bad without insulation | Low thermal insulation, beware of thermal bridges | Low thermal insulation, beware of thermal bridges |\n",
"| Acoustic Properties| Acceptable to good; sound reflection is high with corrugated sheet metal in roofs and walls | Air sound insulation is good, contact sound insulation is bad | Air sound insulation is good, contact sound insulation is bad | Adaptability in relation to doors, windows, etc. is good, if the appropriate measures are taken in advance |\n",
"| Adaptability | Good | Good | Good, if the appropriate measures are taken in advance | Standard product; tolerances must be incorporated in the design |\n",
"| Adaptability to ducts | Trusses are especially suitable for carrying trough of ducts; connection can be done fairly easy | Information is needed upfront and must be processed very accurately. After casting, extra measures are difficult to incorporate | Limited possibilities upfront. After casting, adaption is very difficult | Low |\n",
"| Suitability for later adjustments| Good | Good | Difficult | Low |\n",
"| Labour intensity | See steel. A lot of preparation in the factory, resulting in fast and simple assembly on site | The formwork and falsework are very labour intensive. If possible, use standard formwork. Avoid small amounts of concrete at great heights | Factory product with fast assembly on site. Extra stressing on site requires specialized tools and crew | N/A |\n",
"| Necessity of serial production | Not necessary | Not necessary | Preferred, but less necessary than with prefab concrete | Necessary, because of the high costs of moulds |\n",
"| Residual value after demolition | Low positive residual value, but demolition is easy | Positive residual value; demolition is expensive | Negative residual value | N/A |\n",
"| Erection speed | Fairy quick | Short construction time | Low construction speed due to the time needed for hardening, reuse of formwork, and influences of the weather | Fast montage, but delivery and hardening times must be accounted for |\n",
"| Needed construction site | Limited | Small | A lot of space needed for preparation of formwork and reinforcement | Small |\n",
"| Hygiene | When the correct sections are used, almost no dust collection on certain profiles | Dust is easily collected | Very suitable for dust-sensitive structures | Good, partially dependent on cross-section |\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": []
}
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